Itxurazko egonkortasun linguistikoa eta hazkunde indexikala Bermeoko (lako) aldagaian [Aparente estabilidad lingüística y crecimiento indexical de la variable (lako) en Bermeo]
Resumen
En este trabajo presento los resultados de un cuestionario breve que analiza la variación sociolingüística en (lako) de Bermeo: garalako vs garalakon —llamaré (0) a la primera y (n) a la segunda—. Los datos, 423 tokens, vienen de entrevistas rápidas grabadas en Bermeo en 2016-2017. Basándome en un modelo de efectos mixtos, propongo que (n) ha sufrido un cambio indexical de expresar pertenencia al sector pesquero en los hablantes más mayores a expresar pertenencia a Bermeo en general en las siguientes generaciones y que la normalización del euskera ha hecho que la variable se estabilice porque no hay diferencias de edad en hablantes mayores de 18 y los hablantes con formación profesional y los hombres dicen (n) significativamente más.
Estadísticas
Referencias
Apraiz, J. A. (2003). La pesca artesanal en el siglo XX. Cambios y transformaciones en la Costa Vasca. Zainak, 25, 327-348.
Artzelus, A. (2021). Garaziko euskararen hizkuntza-aldakortasuna [Doktore-tesia, UPV/EHU]. ADDI. https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/51354
Baranowski, M. (2017). Class matters: The sociolinguistics of goose and goat in Manchester English. Language Variation and Change, 29(3), 301-339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394517000217
Baranowski, M. (2022). Part of town as an independent factor: The north-force merger in Manchester. Language Variation and Change, 34(3), 239-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439452200014X
Barrena, A. (2003). La pesca en el marco de una sociedad de servicios. El caso de Bermeo. Zainak, 25, 217-235.
Barrutia, E. (2006). Bermeoko arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (I). Euskalingua, 9, 99-109.
Barrutia, E. (2007a). Bermeoko arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (II). Euskalingua, 10, 4-19.
Barrutia, E. (2007b). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (I). Euskalingua, 11, 4-16.
Barrutia, E. (2008a). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (II). Euskalingua, 12, 6-16.
Barrutia, E. (2008b). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (III). Euskalingua, 13, 6-15.
Barrutia, E. (2009a). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (IV). Euskalingua, 14, 6-15.
Barrutia, E. (2009b). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (V). Euskalingua, 15, 6-19.
Barrutia, E. (2010a). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (VI). Euskalingua, 16, 6-20.
Barrutia, E. (2010b). Mundakako arrantzaleei egineko grabazioen transkripzioa (VII). Euskalingua, 17, 6-18.
Bates, D, Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 [R paketea]. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1406.5823
Bilbao, G. (1997). De la Quadrak Bermeon 1784an idatzitako eskuizkribuak: «I. Doctrina christinaubarena». ASJU, 31(1), 247-336. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.8685
Bilbao, G. (1998). De la Quadrak Bermeon 1784an idatzitako eskuizkribuak (II). ASJU, 32(1), 165-229. https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.8711
Boberg, C. (2017). Surveys: The use of written questionnaires in Sociolinguistics. In C. Mallinson, B. Childs & G. Van Herk (arg.), Data collection in sociolinguistics: Methods and applications (134.-143. or.). Routledge.
Brogan, F. (2018). Sociophonetically-based phonology: An Optimality Theoretic account of /s/ lenition in Salvadoran Spanish [Doktore-tesia, UCLA]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2056476985?pq-origsite=gscholar&-fromopenview=true
Camino, I. (2009). Dialektologiatik euskalkietara tradizioan gaindi. Elkar.
Cheshire, J. (2002). Sex and gender in variation research. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill & N. Schilling-Estes (arg.), The handbook of language variation and change (423.-443. or.). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756591.ch17
Cheshire, J. (2005). Age- and generation-specific use of language. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, J. J. Mattheier & P. Trudgill (arg.), Sociolinguistics: An introductory handbook of the science of language and society (1552.-1563. or.). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110171488.2.8.1552
Delgado, A. (1998). Bermeo en el siglo XX: Política y conflicto en un municipio pesquero vizcaíno (1912-1955). Eusko Ikaskuntza.
Denis, D., Hunt Gardner, M., Brook, M. & Tagliamonte, S. (2019). Peaks and arrowheads of vernacular reorganization. Language Variation and Change, 31, 43-67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439451900005X
Dickson, V. & Hall-Lew, L. (2017). Class, gender, and rhoticity: The social stratification of non-prevocalic /r/ in Edinburgh speech. Journal of English Linguistics, 45(3), 229-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424217718024
Dollinger, S. (2015). The written questionnaire in social dialectology: History, theory, practice. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.40
Duncan, D. (2021). Secondary education as a group marker in St. Louis, Missouri. Language in Society, 50(5), 667-694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404520000378
Eckert, P. (1989). The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change, 1(3), 245-267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450000017X
Eckert, P. (1998a). Age as a sociolinguistic variable. In F. Coulmas (arg.), The handbook of sociolinguistics (151.-167. or.). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166256.ch9
Eckert, P. (1998b). Gender and sociolinguistic variation. In J. Coates (arg.), Language and gender: A reader (64.-75. or.). Blackwell.
Eckert, P. & McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992). Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 461-490. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002333
Ellis, M., Groff, C. & Mead, R. (2006). A rapid and anonymous study of /r/ vocalization in an /r/ pronouncing city. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 12(1), 57-67. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol12/iss1/6
Ensunza, A. (2015). Busturialdeko euskararen hizkuntza-aldakortasuna denboran eta espazioan [Doktore-tesia, UPV/EHU]. ADDI. https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/16701
Ensunza, A. (2016). Hizkuntza-aldaketaren inguruko jarrera eta prestigioaz. In A. Iglesias, A. Romero & A. Ensunza (arg.), Euskararen bariazioa eta bariazioaren irakaskuntza-II (87.-94. or.). UPV/EHU.
Esposito, L. (2022). The stylistic progression of covarying changes in progress [Hitzaldia]. NWAV50, San Jose (AEB). https://virtual.oxfordabstracts.com/#/event/3243/program
Euskaltzaindia. (2016). Euskararen herri hizkeren atlasa: 7. libk. Lexikoa, izen morfologia, sintaxia. Euskaltzaindia.
Euskara Saila Bermeo. (d. g.). Orri nagusia [YouTubeko kanala]. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgB8AKMlp9MrgKM3HKTp0Ug
Eusko Jaurlaritza. (2010). Diagnóstico de sostenibilidad de la reserva de la biosfera de Urdaibai. https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/documentacion/diagnostico_urdaibai/es_doc/adjuntos/economia.pdf
EUSTAT. (2022). Bermeoko datu estatistikoak. https://eu.eustat.eus/municipal/datos_estadisticos/bermeo.html
Fernández, T. (1997). Lenguas en contacto: caracterización del castellano del País Vasco y actitudes hacia la lengua. In J. M. Oro Cabanas & J. Varela Zapata (arg.), Actas del I Congreso Internacional «Adquisición y aprendizaje de lenguas segundas y sus literaturas» (199.-214. or.). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. http://hdl.handle.net/10347/11587
Forrest, J., & Dodsworth, R. (2016). Towards a sociologically-grounded view of occupation in sociolinguistics. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers Linguistics, 22, 31-40. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol22/iss2/5
Gabantxo, M. (2013a). Arrantzale familien eboluzioa Bermeon. Andraren ikuspuntutik azterturiko bi kasu. 1965-2010. In J. Agirreazkuenaga (arg.), Anton Ormazaren sasoia (1922-2010). Bermeotarrak XX. mendean (171.-181. or.). Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia.
Gabantxo, M. (2013b). Una experiencia de documental antropológico en primera persona: la noción de distancia y el punto de vista. Actas del V Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social, 136, 1-14.
Gaminde, I. (1992a). Esaldi kausalak Bizkaian. In Euskaltzaindia (arg.), Luis Villasanteri omenaldia (183.-194. or.). Euskaltzaindia.
Gaminde, I. (1992b). Urduliz eta Gatikako herri hizkeren azterketa linguistikoa [Doktore-tesia, Deustuko Unibertsitatea]. HABE. http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/appcont/tesisDoctoral/PDFak/INAKI_GAMINDE.pdf
Gaminde, I., Romero, A. & Legarra, H. (2012). Gramatika eta hizkuntz bariazioa Bermeon. Erroteta.
Garcia-Palomino, A. (2021). Dialekto-berdintzeari Lezamatik begira: adinaren, generoaren eta hizkuntz jarreren garrantziaz. FLV, 131, 113-145. https://doi.org/10.35462/flv131.5
Garcia-Palomino, A. (2022a). Hizkuntz aldakortasunaren eragile sozialak: euskal bariazionismoan dakigunetik ez dakigunera. In A. Arriortua, S. Monforte, A. Lizardi Ituarte & L. Vela-Plo (arg.), Kimu berriak euskal hizkuntzalaritzan (57.-84. or.). UEU.
Garcia-Palomino, A. (2022b, apirilaren 11-14). Social correlates of variation in a rural Basque town: Investigating Regional Dialect Levelling and language attitudes [Hitzaldia]. ICLaVE|11, Online.
Garcia-Palomino, A. (2022c, urriaren 13-15). Mariners, townsfolk and villagers: Occupationally driven language variation and «change» in a Basque fishing town [Hitzaldia]. NWAV50, San Jose (AEB).
Gómez, J. & Romero, A. (2002). Un texto de 1846 en euskera de Bermeo: la fundación de la Cofradía de las Benditas Ánimas del Purgatorio. FLV, 90, 353-379.
Haddican, B. (2005a). Aspects of language variation and change in contemporary Basque [Doktore-tesia, New York University]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/docview/305467532?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Haddican, W. (2005b). Standardization and language change in Basque. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 11(2), 105-118. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol11/iss2/6
Hall-Lew, L., Cardoso, A. & Davies, E. (2021). Social meaning and sound change. In L. Hall-Lew, E. Moore, & R. Podesva (arg.), Social meaning and linguistic variation: Theorizing the third wave (27.-53. or.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108578684.002
Hall-Lew, L., Moore, E. & Podesv a, R. (2021). Social meaning and linguistic variation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108578684
Hawkey, J. (2020). Language attitudes as predictors of morphosyntactic variation: Evidence from Catalan speakers in southern France. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 24(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12375
Hejná, M. & Jespersen, A. (2022). Ageing well: Social but also biological reasons for age-grading. Language & Linguistics Compass, 16(5-6), e12450. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12450
Hibiya, J. (1999). Variationist sociolinguistics. In N. Tsujimura (arg.), The handbook of Japanese linguistics (102.-120. or.). Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405166225.ch4
Hickey, R. (2004). Standard wisdoms and Historical Dialectology: The discrete use of historical regional corpora. In M. Dossena & R. Lass (arg.), Methods and data in English historical dialectology (199.-216. or.). Peter Lang.
Homobono, J. I. (1997). Fiestas en el ámbito arrantzale. Expresiones de sociabilidad e identidades colectivas. Zainak, 15, 61-100.
INE. (2022). Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2016. https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p05/a2016/&file=00048001.px
Jansen, S. (2018). Peripheral communities and innovation: Changes in the goose vowel in a West Cumbrian town. In N. Braber & S. Jansen (arg.), Sociolinguistics in England (297.-331. or.). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56288-3_12
Johnstone, B., Andrus, J. & Danielson, A. (2006). Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of ‘Pittsburghese’. Journal of English Linguistics, 34(2), 77-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424206290692
Juaristi, P. (2014). Euskara. https://www.eustat.eus/elementos/ele0009800/ti_Euskal_AEko_Txosten_Sozioekonomikoa_2012_Euskara_PDF_287KB/inf0009886_e.pdf
Kristiansen, T. (2009). The macro-level social meanings of late-modern Danish accents. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 41(1), 167-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/03740460903364219
Kristiansen, T. (2015). The primary relevance of subconsciously offered attitudes: Focusing the language ideological aspect of sociolinguistic change. In A. Prikhodkine & D. R. Preston (arg.), Responses to language varieties: Variability, processes and outcomes (85.-116. or.). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.39.04kri
Labov, W. (1963). The social motivation of a sound change. Word, 19(3), 273-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W. (2001a). Principles of linguistic change: Social factors. Blackwell.
Labov, W. (2001b). The anatomy of style-shifting. In P. Eckert & J. Rickford (arg.), Style and sociolinguistic variation (85.-108. or.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613258.006
Lanbide. (2015). Análisis de la población ocupada de la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi. https://www.lanbide.euskadi.eus/contenidos/libro/pub_0018_new/es_def/adjuntos/Muestra%20continua%20de%20vidas%20laborales.pdf
Lenth, R. V. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (1.8.2. bertsioa) [R paketea]. https://cran.r-project.org/package=emmeans
Levy, J. (2010). The social stratification of (r) in Boston. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 33, 1-12.
Li, A. (2022). Regional dialect leveling in Mandarin Chinese: The case of locative variation in the Chengdu dialect. Asia-Pacific Language Variation, 8(1), 32-71. https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.20004.li
Lujanbio, O. (2016). Hizkuntza-aldakortasuna euskaran: Nafarroa ipar-mendebaldeko bi udalerritan egindako azterketa [Doktore-tesia, UPV/EHU]. ADDI. https://addi.ehu.eus/handle/10810/19581
Mansfield, J. & Stanford, J. (2017). Documenting sociolinguistic variation in lesser-studied indigenous communities: Challenges and practical solutions. In K. A. Hildebrandt, C. Jany & W. Silva (arg.), Documenting variation in endangered languages (116.-136. or.). University of Hawai’i Press.
Mather, P. A. (2012). The social stratification of /r/ in New York City: Labov’s department store study revisited. Journal of English Linguistics, 40(4), 338-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424211431265
Milroy, J. & Milroy, L. (1993). Mechanisms of change in urban dialects: The role of class, social network and gender. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3, 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1993.tb00043.x
Oñederra, M. L. (2016). Standardisation of Basque: From grammar (1968) to pronunciation (1998). Sociolinguistica, 30(1), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2016-0008
Ortuzar, R. (1914/1925). Oroigarriak: Ortuzar’tar R. abadeak Bermeo’ko arrantzaleen bizikeraz eraturiko antzerkiak. Gaubeka.
Perez, E. & Azkarate, M. (2020). Euskara estandarrak bernakularizazio aldian. In I. Camino, X. Artiagoitia, I. Epelde & K. Ulibarri (arg.), Eibartik Zuberoara euskalkietan barrena: Koldo Zuazori gorazarre (601.-615. or.). UPV/ EHU.
Pichler, H., Evans Wagner, S. & Hesson, A. (2018). Old-age language variation and change: Confronting variationist ageism. Language and Linguistics Compass, 12(6), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3,12281
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [softwarea]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena. http://www.r-project.org
Regan, B. (2017). The effect of dialect contact and social identity on fricative demerger [Doktore-tesia, University of Texas at Austin]. Texas ScholarWorks. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/62339
Riverin-Coutlée, J. & Harrington, J. (2022). Phonetic change over the career: a case study. Linguistics Vanguard, 8(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0122
Rodríguez-Ordóñez, I. (2016). DOM in Basque: Grammaticalization, attitudes and ideological representations [Doktore-tesia, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne]. IDEALS. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/95131
Rodríguez-Ordóñez, I. (2021). The role of social meaning in contact-induced variation among new speakers of Basque. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 25, 533-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12477
Rodríguez-Ordóñez, I. (2022). The role of frequency in the acquisition of structured variation: The case of Basque ergativity. International Journal of Bilingualism, 26(5), 656-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069221110401
Romera, M. (2015). Métodos de investigación en variación morfosintáctica: el uso de la observación no participante. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, 13(25), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.31819/rili-2015-132512
Sankoff, D. & Laberge, S. (1978). The linguistic market and the statistical explanation of variability. In D. Sankoff (arg.), Linguistic variation: Models and methods (239.-250. or.). Academic Press.
Schilling-Estes, N. (2007). Sociolinguistic fieldwork. In R. Bayley & C. Lucas (arg.), Sociolinguistic variation: Theory, methods, and applications (165.-189. or.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619496.010
Smith, J. & Holmes-Elliott, S. (2022). Tracking linguistic change in childhood: Transmission, incrementation, and vernacular reorganization. Language, 98(1), 98-122. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2021.0087
Starks, D. (2000). Distinct but not too distinct: Gender and ethnicity as determinants of (s) fronting in four Auckland communities. English World-Wide, 21, 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.21.2.06sta
Starks, D. & McRobbie-Utasi, Z. (2001). Collecting sociolinguistic data: Some typical and some not so typical approaches. New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 16, 79-92. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.030477873414733
Tagliamonte, S. (2008). So different and pretty cool! Recycling intensifiers in Toronto, Canada. English Language and Linguistics, 12(2), 361-394. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674308002669
Wassink, A. B., & Dyer, J. (2004). Language ideology and the transmission of phonological change: Changing indexicality in two situations of language contact. Journal of English Linguistics, 32(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424203261799
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis [R paketea]. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
Winter, B. (2020). Statistics for linguists: An introduction using R. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315165547
Zuazo, K. & Goiti, U. (2016). Uribe Kosta, Txorierri eta Mungialdeko euskara. UPV/ EHU.
Zulaika, J. (2012). Tradizioak/Tradiciones/Traditions. Etxepare Euskal Institutua.
Derechos de autor 2023 Azler Garcia-Palomino
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0.